Disarray in Global Governance and Climate Change Chaos

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.20947/S102-3098a0075

Keywords:

Planetary boundaries, Governance crises, Growth ideology, Globalism versus populism, Alternative solutions

Abstract

Scientists warn that human activity in the Anthropocene is causing the transgression of several planetary boundaries. The population/environment/development equation has become insoluble. This paper reviews the trajectory of climate change and discusses the shortcomings of ongoing efforts to address it. It analyzes the current crisis in global governance, fostered by widespread disenchantment with globalization, and reflects on the risks that the resulting political imbroglio presents for our environmental future. Global responses are ineffective due to crumbling multilaterism and the continuing promotion of unsustainable economic growth based on consumerism. Discontent with the consequences of globalization has destabilized national governance and, in the process, further corroded prospects for effective global governance in facing symbiotic social, political and environmental crises. Frustration with globalization is providing media populists a platform from which to attract voters with naive schemes that highlight climate change denial. Potential pathways and obstacles for multilateralism in efforts to resolve the current crisis are blurred. Blind faith in technology, negationism, and the pervasiveness of the consumer culture further hamper awareness raising. Unfortunately, voters, institutions and policies may only adjust when the intensification of climate disasters forces a sea change in outlook.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

George Martine, Independent Consultant

George Martine is a sociologist/demographer with a Ph.D from Brown University and M.A. from Fordham University. He is a former President of the Brazilian Population Association, Senior Fellow at the Harvard Center for Population and Development, Director of UNFPA’s Technical Team for Latin America and the Caribbean and Director of the Institute for Society, Population and Nature, inter alia. He currently works as a consultant on issues of social development, population and environment.

Jose Eustaquio Alves, ENCE/IBGE

José Eustáquio Diniz Alves is a sociologist with a Master’s in Economics and Ph.D. in Demography from the Centro de Desenvolvimento e Planejamento Regional (CEDEPLAR) at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), and post-doctorate at Population Studies Center (Nepo/Unicamp). Professor and researcher at the Federal University of Ouro Preto from 1987-2002, and at the National School of Statistics (ENCE) of the Brazilian Census Bureau (IBGE) from 2002-2019, holding a position of coordinator of the Graduate Department from 2005 to March 2009. Vice-president and treasurer of the Brazilian Population Association (ABEP) from 2005-2008 and treasurer of the Latin American Population Association (ALAP) from 2013-2014. Currently he is an independent consultant.

References

ADAMS, B.; MARTENS J. Fit for whose purpose? Private funding and corporate influence in the United Nations. New York: Global Policy Forum, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/images/pdfs/Fit_for_whose_purpose_online.pdf.

ALCOTT, B. Jevons' paradox. Ecological Economics, v. 54, n. 1, p. 9-21, 2005. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2005.03.020.

ASCENSÃO, F.; FAHRIG, L.; CLEVENGER, A.P.; CORLETT, R.T.; JAEGER, J.A.G.; LAURANCE, W.F.;PEREIRA, H.M. Environmental challenges for the Belt and Road Initiative. Nature Sustainability, v. 1, p. 206-209, May 2018.

ASSADOURIAN, E. The rise and fall of consumer cultures. In: THE WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE. State of the world 2010: transforming cultures from consumerism to sustainability. New York; London: W.W. Norton, 2010

BARRIOS, H.; BECK, M.; BOECKH, A.; SEGBERSETL, K. (ed.). Resistance to globalization: political struggle and cultural resilience in the Middle East, Russia, and Latin America. Hamburg: LIT Verlag, 2003.

BARNOSKY, A. D.; HADLY, E. A.; BASCOMPTE, J.; BERLOW, E. L.; BROWN, J. H.; FORTELIUS, M.; GETZ, W. M.; HARTE, J.; HASTINGS, A.; MARQUET, P. A.; MARTINEZ, N. D.; MOOERS, A.; ROOPNARINE, P.; GEERAT, V.; WILLIAMS, J. W.; GILLESPIE, R.; KITZES, J.; MARSHALL, C.; MATZKE, N.; MINDELL, D. P.; REVILLA, E.; SMITH, A. B. Approaching a state shift in Earth’s biosphere. Nature, n. 486, p. 52-58, June 07 2012.

BIERMANN, F.; ABBOTT, K.; ANDRESEN, S.; BÄCKSTRAND, K.; BERNSTEIN, S.; BETSILL, M. M.; BULKELEY, H.; CASHORE, B.; CLAPP, J.; FOLKE, C.; GUPTA, A.; GUPTA, J.; HAAS, P. M.; JORDAN, A.; KANIE, N.; KLUVÁNKOVÁ-ORAVSKÁ, T.; LEBEL, L.; LIVERMAN, D.; MEADOWCROFT, J.; MITCHELL, R. B.; NEWELL, P.; OBERTHÜR, S.; OLSSON, L.; PATTBERG, P.; SÁNCHEZ-RODRÍGUEZ, R.; SCHROEDER, H.; UNDERDAL, A.; CAMARGO VIEIRA, S.; VOGEL, C.; YOUNG, O. R.; BROCK, A.; ZONDERVAN, R. Navigating the Anthropocene: improving Earth system governance. Science, n. 335, p. 1306-1307, 2012.

CARVALHO, P. G.; BARCELLOS, F. C. Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento do Milênio – ODM: uma avaliação crítica. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE, 2015 (Textos para discussão, n. 56).

CASE, A.; DEATON, A. Rising morbidity and mortality in midlife among white non-Hispanic Americans in the 21st century. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the United States of America, v. 112, n. 49, p. 15078-15083, 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.pnas.org/content/112/49/15078.full.pdf?with-ds=yes.

CENTER FOR STRATEGIC AND INTERNATIONAL STUDIES. How will the Belt and Road Initiativeadvance China’s interests? China Power Project. 2019. Retrieved from: https://chinapower.csis.org/china-belt-and-road-initiative/.

CIMB ASEAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE; LSE IDEAS. China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: CIMB Southeast Asia Research, October 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.lse.ac.uk/ideas/Assets/Documents/reports/LSE-IDEAS-China-SEA-BRI.pdf.

CHENG, L.; ZHU, J.; ABRAHAM, J.; TRENBERTH, K.E.; FASULLO, J.T.; ZHANG, B.; YU, F.; WAN, L.; CHEN, X.; SON, X. 2018 continues record global ocean warming. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences. v. 36, n. 3, p. 249-252, 2019.

CHICAGO COUNCIL ON GLOBAL AFFAIRS. Public opinion and foreign policy in an unusual election year. October 24, 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.thechicagocouncil.org/blog/globalinsight/public-opinion-and-foreign-policy-unusual-election year?utm_source=Informz&utm_medium=Email&utm_campaign=GI_10-27-16&_zs=Tf4rb1&_zl=xnkO3.

CLARK, P.; SHAKUN, J. D.; MARCOTT, S. A.; MIX, A. C.; EBY, M.; KULP, S.; LEVERMANN, A.; MILNE, G. A.; PFISTER, P. L.; SANTER, B. D.; SCHRAG, D. P.; SOLOMON, S.; STOCKER, T. F.; STRAUSS, B. H.; WEAVER, A. J.; WINKELMANN, R.; ARCHER, D.; BARD, E.; GOLDNER, A.; LAMBECK, K.; PIERREHUMBERT, R.T.; PLATTNER, G .K. Consequences of twenty-first-century policy for multimillennial climate and sea-level change. Nature Climate Change. Supplementary information, 2016. DOI: 08/02/2016, 10.1038/NCLIMATE2923. Retrieved from: http://climatehomes.unibe.ch/~stocker/papers/clark16natccS.pdf.

CLEMENÇON, R. The two sides of the Paris climate agreement: dismal failure or historic breakthrough? Journal of Environment & Development, v. 25, n. 1, p. 3-24, 2016.

CLEMENÇON, R. From Rio 1992 to Rio 2012 and beyond: revisiting the role of trade rules and financial transfers for sustainable development. Journal of Environment & Development, v. 21, n. 1, p. 5-14, 2012.

DALY, H. Three limits to growth. Resilience. September 5, 2014. Retrieved from: http://www.resilience.org/stories/2014-09-05/three-limits-to-growth.

DALY, H. Beyond growth: the economics of sustainable development. Boston: Beacon Press, 1996.

DELFORGE, P. New study: America’s data centers consuming – and wasting – growing amounts of energy. Expert Blog, National Resources Defense Council, August 26, 2014. Retrieved from: https://www.nrdc.org/experts/pierre-delforge/new-study-americas-data-centers-consumingand-wasting-growing-amounts-energy.

DIAMANDIS, P. H.; KOTLER, S. Abundance: the future is better than you think. New York: Free Press, 2012.

DOBBS, R.; MADGAVKAR, A.; MANYIKA, J.; WOETZEL, J.; BUGHIN, J.; LABAYE, E.; KASHYAP, P. Poorer than their parents? A new perspective on income inequality. McKinsey Global Institute, July 2016. Retrieved from: MGI-Poorer-than-their-parents-Flat-or-falling-incomes-in-advancedeconomies-Full-report.pdf.

EASTERLIN, R. Income and happiness: toward a unified theory. Economic Journal, n. 111, p. 465-484, 2001.

ECLAC – Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Horizons 2030: equality at the centre of sustainable development. United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Retrieved from: http://repositorio.cepal.org/bitstream/handle/11362/40160/4/S1600652_en.pdf.

ECO, U.; MCEWEN, A. Turning back the clock: hot wars and media populism. Vintage Digital, Kindle Version, 2014.

GLOBAL CARBON PROJECT. Carbon budget 2018: an annual update of the global carbon budget and trends, 5 December 2018. Retrieved from: www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget.

GLOBAL FOOTPRINT NETWORK. National Footprint Accounts, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.footprintnetwork.org/en/index.php/GFN/.

GRIGGS, D.; STAFFORD-SMITH, M.; GAFFNEY, O.; ROCKSTRÖM, J.; ÖHMAN, M.C.; SHYAMSUNDAR, P.; SHYAMSUNDA,R.P.; STEFFEN, W.; GLASER, G.; KANIE, N.; NOBLE, I. Policy: Sustainable development goals for people and planet. Nature, v. 495, n. 7441, p. 305-307, 2013.

HANSEN, J.; SATO, M.; HEARTY, P.; RUEDY, R.; KELLEY, M.; MASSON-DELMOTTE, V.; RUSSELL, G.; TSELIOUDIS, G.; CAO, J.; RIGNOT, E.; VELICOGNA, I.; TORMEY, B.; DONOVAN, B.; KANDIANO, E.; VON SCHUCKMANN, K.; KHARECHA, P.; LEGRANDE, A. N.; BAUER, M.; LO, K. W. Ice melt, sea level rise and superstorms: evidence from paleoclimate data, climate modeling, and modern observations that 2°C global warming could be dangerous. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, n. 16, p. 3761-3812, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/16/3761/2016/acp-16-3761-2016.pdf.

HELLIWELL, J.; LAYARD, R.; SACHS, J. (ed.). World happiness report. New York: The Earth Institute, Columbia University, 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.earth.columbia.edu/sitefiles/file/Sachs%20Writing/2012/World%20Happiness%20Report.pdf.

HOFFMANN, U. Can green growth really work and what are the true (socio-) economics of climate change? Geneva: UNCTAD, 2015 (Discussion Paper, n. 222). Retrieved from: http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/osgdp2015d4_en.pdf.

HUESEMANN, M.; HUESEMANN, J. Techno-fix: why technology won't save us or the environment. Original edition. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers, 2011.

HUNT, T. Is there enough lithium to maintain the growth of the lithium-ion battery market? Are we nearing peak lithium? Greentech Media, June 02, 2015. Retrieved from: https://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/is-there-enough-lithium-to-maintain-the-growth-of-thelithium-ion-battery-m#gs.IGpbj3tI.

IPCC. Summary for policymakers. Global warming of 1.5°C. Geneva, Switzerland: World Meteorological Organization, 2018.

JACKSON, T. Prosperity without growth? The transition to a sustainable economy. Sustainable Development Commission, 2009. Retrieved from: www.sdcommission.org.uk/.../prosperity_without_growth_report.pdf.

KHARAS H.; K. HAMEL. A global tipping point: half the world is now middle class or wealthier. Brookings, September 27, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.brookings.edu/blog/futuredevelopment/2018/09/27/a-global-tipping-point-half-the-world-is-now-middle-class-orwealthier/. Access in: 16 Nov. 2018.

KOCHHAR, R. A global middle class is more promise than reality: from 2001 to 2011, nearly 700 million step out of poverty, but most only barely. Global Research Attitudes. PEW Research Center, August 13, 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.pewglobal.org/2015/07/08/a-global-middle-classis-more-promise-than-reality/.

KUMI, E.; ARHIN, A.; YEBOAH, T. Can post-2015 sustainable development goals survive neoliberalism? A critical examination of the sustainable development–neoliberalism nexus in developing countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 16, n. 3, p. 539-554, June 2014.

LAURANCE, W. Is the global era of massive infrastructure projects coming to an end? Yale Environment 360, July 10, 2018. Retrieved from: https://e360.yale.edu/features/is-the-globalera-of-massive-infrastructure-projects-coming-to-an-end.

MARQUES, L. O sintomático desprezo pela ciência. Folha de S. Paulo, Jan. 6, 2019. Retrieved from: https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrissima/2019/01/negacao-da-ciencia-ganha-forcaem-nacionalismo-que-une-esquerda-e-direita.shtml.

MARTINE, G. Global population, development aspirations and fallacies. N-IUSSP’s Online News Magazine, February 5, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.niussp.org/article/global-populationdevelopment-aspirations-and-fallacies/.

MARTINE, G.; ALVES, J. E. Economy, society and environment in the 21st century: three pillars or trilemma of sustainability? Revista Brasileira de Estudos de População, v. 32, n. 3, p. 433-459, set./dez. 2015. Retrieved from: http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbepop/v32n3/en_0102-3098-rbepopS0102-3098201500000027P.pdf.

MASOOD, E. How China is redrawing the map of world science. Nature, v. 569, p. 20-23, May 2019.

MCKINSEY. Winning the $30 trillion decathlon: going for gold in emerging markets. Insights & Publications, August 2012. Retrieved from: http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com.

MDG ADVERTISING. 5 Global advertising trends every marketer should watch. MDG, July 10, 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.mdgadvertising.com/marketing-insights/5-global-advertisingtrends-every-marketer-should-watch/. Access in: November 28, 2018.

MONBIOT, G. Frightened by Donald Trump? You don’t know the half of it. The Guardian, November 31, 2016.

MOSS, T. What next for the millennium development goals? Global Policy, v. 1, n. 2, p. 218-220, 2010.

NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Global Climate Report – Annual 2016, Jan. 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/201613.

NOAA. Arctic report card: climate change effects go far beyond ice and polar bears. Fortune, December 11, 2018. Retrieved from: http://fortune.com/2018/12/11/climate-change-globalwarming-noaa-arctic-report-card-2018/.

OGDEN, T. Techno-optimists beware. Stanford Social Innovation Review. Summer, 2012. Retrieved from: https://ssir.org/book_reviews/entry/techno_optimists_beware.

OLSSON, L.; HOURCARDE, J. C.; KÖLHER, J. Sustainable development in a globalized world. Journal of Environment & Development, v. 23, n. 1, p. 3-14, 2014.

O’NEILL, D. W. et al. A good life for all within planetary boundaries. Nature Sustainability, v. 1, p. 88-95, February 2018.

OSTROM, E. A polycentric approach for coping with climate change. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2009 (World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, n. 5095). Retrieved from: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1494833.

OWEN, D. The efficiency dilemma. If our machines use less energy, will we just use them more? The New Yorker, December 12, 2010. Retrieved from: https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2010/12/20/the-efficiency-dilemma.

PEW RESEARCH CENTER. The politics of climate. October 4, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the-politics-of-climate/.

POLIMENI, J. M.; GIAMPIETRO, M.; MAYUMI, K. The Jevons Paradox and the myth of resource efficiency improvements. London: Earthscan, 2008.

RIFKIN, J. The zero marginal cost society – The internet of things, the collaborative commons, and the eclipse of capitalism. London: Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.

ROCKSTRÖM J.; GAFFNEY, O.; ROGELJ, J.; MEINSHAUSEN, M.; NAKICENOVIC, N.; SCHELLNHUBER, H. J. Science, v. 355, n. 6331, p. 1269-1271, 24 Mar 2017.

ROCKSTRÖM, J.; STORDALEN, G. A.; HORTON, R. Acting in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission. The Lancet, v. 387 (10036), p. 2364-2365, June 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30681-X/fulltext.

ROCKSTRÖM, J.; STEFFEN, W.; NOONE, K.; PERSSON, Å.; ILL CHAPIN, F. S.; LAMBIN, E.; LENTON, T. M.; SCHEFFER, M.; FOLKE, C.; SCHELLNHUBER, H.; NYKVIST, B.; DE WIT, C. A.; HUGHES, T.; VAN DER LEEUW, S.; RODHE, H.; SÖRLIN, S.; SNYDER, P. K.; COSTANZA, R.; SVEDIN, U.; FALKENMARK, M.; KARLBERG, L.; CORELL, R. W.; FABRY, V. J.; HANSEN, J.; WALKER, B.; LIVERMAN, D.; RICHARDSON, K.; CRUTZEN, P.; FOLEY, J. Planetary boundaries: exploring the safe operating space for humanity. Ecology and Society, v. 14, n. 2, 2009.

ROUBINI, N. The global consequences of a Sino-American cold war. Project Syndicate: The World's Opinion Page. May 20, 2019. Retrieved from: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/united-states-china-cold-war-deglobalization-by-nouriel-roubini-2019-05.

SCIENCE ADVANCES, v. 2, n. 11, e1501923, Nov. 09, 2016.

STEFFEN, W.; RICHARDSON, K.; ROCKSTRÖM, J.; CORNELL, S. E.; FETZER, I.; BENNETT, E. M.; BIGGS, R.; CARPENTER, S. R.; DE VRIES, W.; DE WIT, C. A.; FOLKE, C.; GERTEN, D.; HEINKE, J.; MACE, G. M.; PERSSON, L. M.; RAMANATHAN, V.; REYERS, B.; SÖRLIN, S. Planetary boundaries: guiding human development on a changing planet. Science, v. 347, n. 6223, Feb. 13, 2015.

STEFFEN, W.; ROCKSTRÖM, J.; RICHARDSON, K.; LENTON, T. M.; FOLKE, C.; LIVERMAN, D.; SUMMERHAYES, C. P.; BARNOSKY, A. D.; CORNELL, S. E.; CRUCIFIX, M.; DONGES, J. F.; FETZER, I.; LADE, S. J.; SCHEFFER, M.; WINKELMANN, R.; SCHELLNHUBER, H. J. Trajectories of the Earth System in the Anthropocene. PNAS, v. 115, n. 33, p. 8252-8259, Aug. 14, 2018. Retrieved from: http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2018/07/31/1810141115.

STIGLITZ, J. E. Globalization and its new discontents. Project Syndicate: The World’s Opinion Page. August 5, 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/globalizationnew-discontents-by-joseph-e--stiglitz-2016-08.

STIGLITZ, J. E. Globalization and its discontents. New York: W.W. Norton, 2002.

SVERDLIK, Y. Here’s how much energy all US Data Centers Consume. Data Center Knowledge, June 27, 2016. Retrieved from: http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2016/06/27/heres-how-much-energy-all-us-data-centers-consume/.

THAKUR, R. The United Nations in global governance: rebalancing organized multilateralism for current and future challenges. Global Governance. Retrieved from: http://www.un.org/en/ga/president/65/initiatives/GlobalGovernance/Thakur_GA_Thematic_Debate_on_UN_in_GG.pdf.

THE 169 COMMANDMENTS: the proposed sustainable development goals would be worse than useless. The Economist, March 26, 2015. Retrieved from: www.economist.com/news/leaders/21647286-proposed-sustainable-development-goals-would-be-worse-useless-169-commandments.

TVEBERG, G. Eight pitfalls in evaluating green energy solutions. Our Finite World. Posted on November 18, 2014. Retrieved from: http://ourfiniteworld.com/2014/11/18/eight-pitfalls-inevaluating-green-energy-solutions/.

UCHECHUKWU, A.; LI, K.; SHEN, Y. Energy consumption in cloud computing data centers. International Journal of Cloud Computing and Services Science (IJ-CLOSER), v. 3, n. 3, p. 31-48, June 2014. ISSN: 2089-3337.

UNEP. Resource efficiency: potential and economic implications. A report of the International Resource Panel. Paris, 2017. Retrieved from: http://www.resourcepanel.org/reports/resourceefficiency. United Nations Environment Programme.

UNEP. Global material flows and resource productivity: assessment report for the UNEP International Resource. Paris: United Nations Environment Programme, 2016.

UNEP. INDCS signal unprecedented momentum for climate agreement in Paris, but achieving 2 degree objective contingent upon enhanced ambition in future years. Nov. 2015. Retrieved from: unep.org/NewsCentre/default.spx?DocumentID=26854&ArticleID=35542&l=en.

UNEP. World remains on unsustainable track despite hundreds of internationally agreed goals and objectives. GEO5 Press Release, Rio de Janeiro, 6 June 2012.

USGCRP. Climate science special report: fourth national climate assessment, volume I. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2017. DOI: 10.7930/J0J964J6.

USGCRP. Impacts, risks, and adaptation in the United States: fourth national climate assessment, volume II. Washington, DC: U.S. Global Change Research Program, 2018. DOI: 10.7930/NCA4.2018.

VIKSTRÖM, H.; DAVIDSSON S.; HÖÖK, M. Lithium availability and future production outlooks. Applied Energy, v. 110, n. 10, p. 252-266, 2013.

WEISS, T.G.; THAKUR, R. Global Governance and the UN: an unfinished journey. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010.

WILK, R. Without consumer culture, there is no environmental crisis. PERN Network, 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.populationenvironmentresearch.org/pern_files/statements/PERN_Cyberseminar2017_Wilk.pdf.

WILLETT, W. et al. Food in the Anthropocene: the EAT–Lancet Commission on healthy diets from sustainable food systems. Lancet, 2019 (published online Jan 16.). Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31788-4.

WOLF, M. The long and painful journey to world disorder. Financial Times, January 5, 2017. Retrieved from: https://www.ft.com/content/ef13e61a-ccec-11e6-b8ce-b9c03770f8b1.

WORLD BANK. The making of a riskier future: How our decisions are shaping future disaster risk. Washington, D.C. 2016a. Retrieved from: https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/Riskier%20Future.pdf.

WORLD BANK. Shock waves: managing the impacts of climate change on poverty. Washington, D.C. 2016b. Retrieved from: https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/22787/9781464806735.pdf?sequence=13&isAllowed=y.

WORLD RESOURCES INSTITUTE. Creating a sustainable food future: a menu of solutions to feed nearly 10 billion people by 2050. Synthesis Report, December 2018. Retrieved from: https://wriorg.s3.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/creating-sustainable-food-future_0.pdf?_ga=2.189077036.683194667.1544092349-1718241769.1544092349.

WORLDWATCH INSTITUTE. State of the world 2010: transforming cultures, from consumerism to sustainability. New York: The Worldwatch Institute, W. W. Norton, 2010.

Downloads

Published

2019-08-16

How to Cite

Martine, G., & Alves, J. E. (2019). Disarray in Global Governance and Climate Change Chaos. Brazilian Journal of Population Studies, 36, 1–30. https://doi.org/10.20947/S102-3098a0075

Issue

Section

Original Articles